@article{ref1,
title="Gender differences in nonlinear motor performance following concussion",
journal="Journal of sport and health science",
year="2019",
author="Studenka, Breanna E. and Raikes, Adam",
volume="8",
number="6",
pages="540-547",
abstract="PURPOSE: To quantify differences in nonlinear aspects of performance on a seated visual-motor tracking task between clinically asymptomatic males and females with and without a self-reported mild traumatic brain injury history. <br><br>METHODS: Seventy-three individuals with a self-reported concussion history (age: 21.40 ± 2.25 years, mean ± SD) and 75 without completed the visual-motor tracking task (age: 21.50 ± 2.00 years). Participants pressed an index finger against a force sensor, tracing a line across a computer screen (visual-motor tracking). The produced signal's root-mean-square error (<i>RMSE</i>), sample entropy (SampEn, a measure of regularity), and average power (AvP) between 0 and 12 Hz were calculated. <br><br>RESULTS: Males with a history of 0 or 1 concussion had greater <i>RMSE</i> (worse performance) than females with 0 (<i>p </i>< 0.0001) and 1 concussion (<i>p</i> = 0.052). Additionally, females with 2+ concussions exhibited lower SampEn than females with no history (<i>p</i> = 0.001) or a history of 1 concussion (<i>p</i> = 0.026). Finally, females with 2+ concussions had lower 8-12 Hz AvP than males with 2+ concussions (<i>p</i> = 0.031). Few differences were observed in the male participants. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Females with a self-reported history of multiple concussions exhibited lower SampEn in the visual-motor tracking-task force output structure as compared to those with no reported history of concussion and their male counterparts. Lower SampEn and lower power between 8 and 12 Hz indicated persistent impairment in visual processing and feed-forward or predictive motor control systems.<br><br>© 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2095-2546",
doi="10.1016/j.jshs.2017.03.006",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2017.03.006"
}