@article{ref1,
title="Childhood maltreatment, gender nonconformity, and adolescent sexual orientation: a prospective birth cohort study",
journal="Child development",
year="2019",
author="Xu, Yin and Norton, Sam and Rahman, Qazi",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="This study tested whether associations between childhood maltreatment and adolescent sexual orientation were accounted for by childhood gender nonconforming behavior (GNCB) in a prospective birth cohort (N = 5,007). Childhood parental maltreatment (physical and emotional) and GNCB were assessed on multiple occasions up to age 6 years, and sexual orientation at 15.5 years. Boys with a history of maltreatment were significantly more likely to be nonheterosexual. Using propensity score weighting, maltreatment was associated with a 3.5% (p = .03) increase in the prevalence of nonheterosexuality accounting for confounders not including GNCB, and by 2.9% (p = .06) when also accounting for GNCB. These findings suggest that maltreatment is associated with an increased prevalence of nonheterosexuality in boys but may be explained by confounding factors including GNCB.<br><br>© 2019 Society for Research in Child Development.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0009-3920",
doi="10.1111/cdev.13317",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13317"
}