@article{ref1,
title="Parental bonding and hostility: examining the links between sex differences, hostility, anger, and aggression",
journal="Journal of social and clinical psychology",
year="2019",
author="Ingram, Rick and Balderas, Jessica and Hagan, Kelsey and Kohnle, Kendall",
volume="38",
number="7",
pages="568-584",
abstract="INTRODUCTION: Although parental bonding that is characterized by overprotection and low care is associated with adult depression and anxiety, less is known about its association with other mood states. Additionally, few studies differentiate between maternal and paternal bonding or evaluate sex differences in offspring's emotional responding as a function of bonding.<br><br>METHOD: The current study examined parental bonding as it relates to hostility, anger, and verbal and physical aggression in young adults. Participants reported their mood state, perception of parenting behaviors, and their experience of hostility and its correlates.<br><br>RESULTS: After controlling for current mood, paternal care modulated males' anger and verbal aggression, whereas maternal care modulated females' physical aggression. Maternal overprotection predicted hostility in males.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Findings suggest that less parental care and greater parental overprotection precipitate angry and aggressive responding later in life, and these results are linked to sex differences in both parents and in young adult males and females.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0736-7236",
doi="10.1521/jscp.2019.38.7.568",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2019.38.7.568"
}