@article{ref1,
title="Effects of protective American football headgear on peripheral vision reaction time and visual target detection in Division I NCAA football players",
journal="Sports (Basel)",
year="2019",
author="Miller, Rachel A. and Rogers, Rebecca R. and Williams, Tyler D. and Marshall, Mallory R. and Moody, Justin R. and Hensarling, Robert W. and Ballmann, Christopher G.",
volume="7",
number="9",
pages="e7090213-e7090213",
abstract="The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of protective football headgear on peripheral vision reaction time and visual target detection. Twenty-five Division I NCAA football players (age = 20.5 yrs ± 0.9, height = 185.9 cm ± 6.8, body mass = 99.2 kg ± 19.2, BMI = 29.6 ± 4.5) participated. In a crossover counterbalanced study design, subjects participated in one visit with three conditions: Baseline (BL) without headgear, helmet only (HO), helmet with an eye shield (HE). Subjects completed a 1-min peripheral vision reaction time test for each condition separated by 3-min recovery periods. Tests were administered using a 64 light Dynavision D2 Visuomotor board. Target detection (total hit score) was higher during BL than HO (p < 0.001) and HE (p < 0.001). Average (p < 0.001), peak (p < 0.001), minimum (p < 0.001), and median (p < 0.001) peripheral reaction times were faster during BL than HO and HE. No significant differences were observed for any measures between HO and HE conditions (p > 0.05). <br><br>FINDINGS indicate that protective football headgear impaired reaction time to peripheral visual stimuli. The addition of an eye shield to the helmet had a small non-significant effect on reaction time and target detection. These results may hold important implications in helmet design and player safety.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2075-4663",
doi="10.3390/sports7090213",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7090213"
}