@article{ref1,
title="A systematic social observation study of police de-escalation tactics",
journal="Police quarterly",
year="2018",
author="Todak, Natalie and James, Lois",
volume="21",
number="4",
pages="509-543",
abstract="This study analyzes 131 police-citizen interactions observed during Fall 2016 and coded through systematic social observation. We assessed how often officers use de-escalation tactics, factors associated with their use, and the relationship between de-escalation and calm citizen demeanor. We found officers frequently employed de-escalation tactics, including the &quot;respect&quot; tactic of treating citizens in a respectful manner, the &quot;human&quot; tactic of getting on the citizen's level and reducing power imbalances, and the &quot;honest&quot; tactic of being up front about the facts of the situation. Officers were more influenced by citizen demeanor than demographics in their use of de-escalation. The use of several tactics, including &quot;human&quot; (reducing the power differential between the cop and the citizen) and &quot;calm&quot; (the officer making an effort to control his or her own emotions), was associated with calm citizen demeanor. Directions for future research on this important topic are offered.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1098-6111",
doi="10.1177/1098611118784007",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611118784007"
}