@article{ref1,
title="National analysis of risk factors for nasal fractures and associated injuries in trauma",
journal="Craniomaxillofacial trauma and reconstruction",
year="2019",
author="Pham, Tiffany T. and Lester, Ellen and Grigorian, Areg and Roditi, Rachel E. and Nahmias, Jeffry T.",
volume="12",
number="3",
pages="221-227",
abstract="Nasal fractures account for up to 58% of facial fractures. However, the literature characterizing associated injuries and risk factors for nasal fractures is sparse and is mostly composed of single-center experiences. This study sought to provide a large descriptive analysis and identify associated injuries and risk factors for nasal fractures in trauma using a national database. A retrospective analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) from 2007 to 2015 was performed. Patients ≥18 years of age with nasal fractures were included. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify predictors for nasal fracture in trauma. Of 5,494,609 trauma patients in the NTDB, 255,533 (4.6%) had a nasal fracture. Most were male (74.8%) with a mean age of 45.6 years. Blunt trauma accounted for 90.5% of fractures, with motor vehicle accident being the most common mechanism (27.5%). Closed fractures occurred in 93.0% of patients. Concomitant injuries included traumatic brain injury (TBI; 56.9%), malar/maxillary fracture (27.9%), and open wound of the face (38.6%) and nose (9.5%). Of all patients, 10.1% underwent closed or open reductions at index hospitalization. The strongest associated injuries with nasal fracture included open wound of the nose (odds ratio [OR]: 8.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.49-8.94, <i>p</i>  < 0.001), epistaxis (OR: 5.26, 95% CI: 4.59-6.02, <i>p</i>  < 0.001), malar/maxillary fracture (OR: 4.38, 95% CI: 4.30-4.45, <i>p</i>  < 0.001), and orbital fracture (OR: 3.99, 95% CI: 3.91-4.06, <i>p</i>  < 0.001). Nasal fractures are common traumatic injuries with more than 90% occurring by blunt mechanism and over half suffering from a concomitant TBI. The strongest associated injury with nasal fracture is an open wound of the nose.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1943-3875",
doi="10.1055/s-0039-1677724",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1677724"
}