@article{ref1,
title="Humidifier disinfectant and use characteristics associated with lung injury in Korea",
journal="Indoor air",
year="2019",
author="Ryu, Seung-Hun and Park, Dong-Uk and Lee, Eun and Park, Soyoung and Lee, So-Yeon and Jung, Sungsu and Hong, Sang Bum and Park, Jihoon and Hong, Soo-Jong",
volume="29",
number="5",
pages="735-747",
abstract="Since around the year 2000, hundreds of people in Korea have developed humidifier disinfectant associated lung injury (HDLI). We collected all HD exposure-related information from the field investigations into the locations in which the 1,199 registered patients had used HD. Among the people who registered, 38% (1<sup>st</sup> round=214, 2<sup>nd</sup> =73, 3<sup>rd</sup> =166) were confirmed as HDLI patients. Children aged under eight years old made up the highest proportion of HDLI cases (N =279, 62%), followed by pregnant women (N=31, 7%). One hundred thirty-three (29%) of the confirmed HDLI patients died. Fifty-seven percent of HDLI patients (N=259) developed HDLI after less than one year of HD use. The number of HDLI patients who used only the Oxy Saksak HD brand was found to be 176 (39%), followed by the brands Cefu (N=27, 6%) and Aekyung (N=22, 5%). HD products containing only polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P) were the most frequently used among HDLI patients (N=234, 52%), followed by oligo (2-(2-ethoxy) ethoxyethyl guanidinium (PGH) (N=27, 6%) and a mixture of chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) (N=26, 6%). The average PHMG-P inhalation level estimated from the patient group classified as suffering lung injury definitely associated with HD use was 145.1 μg/m<sup>3</sup> (N=91, SD=395.1 μg/m<sup>3</sup> ), higher than levels estimated from both the probable and possible HDLI patient groups. In conclusion, HD exposure-related variables, including type of HD brand and estimated inhalation HD level, were associated with the risk of HDLI. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.<br><br>This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0905-6947",
doi="10.1111/ina.12585",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ina.12585"
}