@article{ref1,
title="Diseases, injuries, and risk factors in child and adolescent health, 1990 to 2017: findings from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2017 Study",
journal="JAMA pediatrics",
year="2019",
author="Reiner, Robert C. and Olsen, Helen Elizabeth and Ikeda, Chad Thomas and Echko, Michelle M. and Ballestreros, Katherine E. and Manguerra, Helen and Martopullo, Ira and Millear, Anoushka and Shields, Chloe and Smith, Alison and Strub, Bryan and Abebe, Molla and Abebe, Zegeye and Adhena, Beyene Meressa and Adhikari, Tara Ballav and Akibu, Mohammed and Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. and Alvis-Guzmán, Nelson and Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. and Aremu, Olatunde and Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal and Asseffa, Netsanet Abera and Avila-Burgos, Leticia and Barac, Aleksandra and Bärnighausen, Till W. and Bassat, Quique and Benseñor, Isabela M. and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. and Bijani, Ali and Bililign, Nigus and Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero and Malta, Deborah Carvalho and Chang, Jung-Chen and Charlson, Fiona J. and Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda and Doku, David Teye and Edessa, Dumessa and El-Khatib, Ziad and Erskine, Holly E. and Ferrari, Alize J. and Fullman, Nancy and Gupta, Rahul and Hassen, Hamid Yimam and Hay, Simon I. and Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen and Jacobsen, Kathryn H. and Kahsay, Amaha and Kasaeian, Amir and Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale and Kebede, Seifu and Khader, Yousef Saleh and Khan, Ejaz Ahmad and Khan, Mohammed Nuruzzaman and Khang, Young-Ho and Khubchandani, Jagdish and Kinfu, Yohannes and Kochhar, Sonali and Kokubo, Yoshihiro and Koyanagi, Ai and Defo, Barthelemy Kuate and Lal, Dharmesh Kumar and Kumsa, Fekede Asefa and Larson, Heidi J. and Leung, Janni and Mamun, Abdullah A. and Mehata, Suresh and Melku, Mulugeta and Mendoza, Walter and Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane and Miller, Ted R. and Moges, Nurilign Abebe and Mohammed, Shafiu and Mokdad, Ali H. and Monasta, Lorenzo and Neupane, Subas and Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi and Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini and Nirayo, Yirga Legesse and Nong, Vuong Minh and Ogbo, Felix Akpojene and Olagunju, Andrew T. and Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola and Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun and Patton, George C. and Pereira, David M. and Pourmalek, Farshad and Qorbani, Mostafa and Rafay, Anwar and Rai, Rajesh Kumar and Ram, Usha and Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal and Renzaho, Andre M. N. and Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh and Ronfani, Luca and Roth, Gregory A. and Safiri, Saeid and Sartorius, Benn and Scott, James G. and Shackelford, Katya Anne and Sliwa, Karen and Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar and Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Bable and Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman and Topór-Madry, Roman and Tran, Bach Xuan and Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna and Uthman, Olalekan A. and Vollset, Stein Emil and Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey and Werdecker, Andrea and Whiteford, Harvey A. and Wijeratne, Tissa and Yonemoto, Naohiro and Yotebieng, Marcel and Zuhlke, Liesl J. and Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe and Naghavi, Mohsen and Vos, Theo and Murray, Christopher J. L. and Kassebaum, Nicholas J.",
volume="173",
number="6",
pages="e190337-e190337",
abstract="IMPORTANCE: Understanding causes and correlates of health loss among children and adolescents can identify areas of success, stagnation, and emerging threats and thereby facilitate effective improvement strategies. <br><br>OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality and morbidity in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2017 by age and sex in 195 countries and territories. <br><br>DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This study examined levels, trends, and spatiotemporal patterns of cause-specific mortality and nonfatal health outcomes using standardized approaches to data processing and statistical analysis. It also describes epidemiologic transitions by evaluating historical associations between disease indicators and the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and fertility. Data collected from 1990 to 2017 on children and adolescents from birth through 19 years of age in 195 countries and territories were assessed. Data analysis occurred from January 2018 to August 2018. <br><br>EXPOSURES: Being under the age of 20 years between 1990 and 2017. <br><br>MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Death and disability. All-cause and cause-specific deaths, disability-adjusted life years, years of life lost, and years of life lived with disability. <br><br>RESULTS: Child and adolescent deaths decreased 51.7% from 13.77 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 13.60-13.93 million) in 1990 to 6.64 million (95% UI, 6.44-6.87 million) in 2017, but in 2017, but aggregate disability increased 4.7% to a total of 145 million (95% UI, 107-190 million) years lived with disability globally. Progress was uneven, and inequity increased, with low-SDI and low-middle-SDI locations experiencing 82.2% (95% UI, 81.6%-82.9%) of deaths, up from 70.9% (95% UI, 70.4%-71.4%) in 1990. The leading disaggregated causes of disability-adjusted life years in 2017 in the low-SDI quintile were neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, diarrhea, malaria, and congenital birth defects, whereas neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, headache, dermatitis, and anxiety were highest-ranked in the high-SDI quintile. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Mortality reductions over this 27-year period mean that children are more likely than ever to reach their 20th birthdays. The concomitant expansion of nonfatal health loss and epidemiological transition in children and adolescents, especially in low-SDI and middle-SDI countries, has the potential to increase already overburdened health systems, will affect the human capital potential of societies, and may influence the trajectory of socioeconomic development. Continued monitoring of child and adolescent health loss is crucial to sustain the progress of the past 27 years.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2168-6211",
doi="10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0337",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0337"
}