@article{ref1,
title="No effect of birth order on adult risk taking",
journal="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
year="2019",
author="Lejarraga, Tomás and Frey, Renato and Schnitzlein, Daniel D. and Hertwig, Ralph",
volume="116",
number="13",
pages="6019-6024",
abstract="Does birth order shape people's propensity to take risks? Evidence is mixed. We used a three-pronged approach to investigate birth-order effects on risk taking. First, we examined the propensity to take risks as measured by a self-report questionnaire administered in the German Socio-Economic Panel, one of the largest and most comprehensive household surveys. Second, we drew on data from the Basel-Berlin Risk Study, one of the most exhaustive attempts to measure risk preference. This study administered 39 risk-taking measures, including a set of incentivized behavioral tasks. Finally, we considered the possibility that birth-order differences in risk taking are not reflected in survey responses and laboratory studies. We thus examined another source of behavioral data: the risky life decision to become an explorer or a revolutionary. <br><br>FINDINGS from these three qualitatively different sources of data and analytic methods point unanimously in the same direction: We found no birth-order effects on risk taking.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0027-8424",
doi="10.1073/pnas.1814153116",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814153116"
}