@article{ref1,
title="Intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment: predictors of child emotional maltreatment among 11 to 17 years old children residing in communities of Karachi, Pakistan",
journal="Child abuse and neglect",
year="2019",
author="Lakhdir, Maryam Pyar Ali and Nathwani, Apsara Ali and Ali, Naureen Akber and Farooq, Salima and Azam, Syed Iqbal and Khaliq, Asif and Kadir, Muhammad Masood",
volume="91",
number="",
pages="109-115",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Families where parents had childhood history of victimization may likely to abuse their children; hence contributing as an important predictor of child emotional maltreatment (CEM). This study aimed to determine the relationship of intergenerational abuse with CEM among 11-17 years old children residing in peri-urban and urban communities of Karachi, Pakistan. <br><br>METHOD: Structured interviews were conducted with 800 children and parents-pair using validated questionnaire &quot;International Child Abuse Screening Tool for Child (ICAST-C)&quot; comprised of 4 domains. Domain of child emotional maltreatment was considered as outcome (CEM-score). The relationship between Parental history of childhood victimization and CEM-Score was measured using linear regression. <br><br>RESULTS: The average CEM-score was came to be 19+5.2 among children whom parental history of childhood victimization was present (P < 0.001). The estimated mean CEM-score increased by 5.59 units (95% CI= {2.61, 8.51}) among children whom parents had a history of childhood victimization (Intergenerational abuse) with severe physical familial abuse. <br><br>CONCLUSION: The current study provided evidence on intergenerational transmission of maltreatment suggesting early prevention to break the cycle of child maltreatment through generations. Preventive measures can be taken, once a parental history of childhood victimization has been identified, by providing appropriate services to those families who belong to lower socioeconomic status, where mothers are young, presence of siblings' rivalry/ bullying and/or violence among family members. However, these factors do not explain a complete causality of the intergenerational transmission therefore additional factors, for instance parenting styles must be taken into consideration.<br><br>Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0145-2134",
doi="10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.004",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.004"
}