@article{ref1,
title="Driving while navigating: on-road driving performance using GPS or printed instructions",
journal="Canadian journal of occupational therapy",
year="2019",
author="Cochran, Lauren Marchman and Dickerson, Anne E.",
volume="86",
number="1",
pages="61-69",
abstract="BACKGROUND.: Route navigation is a high-level skill and requires intact executive functioning to successfully find one's way while driving in unfamiliar environments. <br><br>PURPOSE.: Driving performances were compared while navigating using electronic devices and printed directions on unfamiliar driving routes as well as in an interactive driving simulator. <br><br>METHOD.: Twenty-four participants drove two on-road routes using GPS and printed directions, and navigated using printed directions in the simulator, using a point system to evaluate performance. The two unfamiliar routes, order of simulator and on-road driving, and use of GPS and printed directions were counterbalanced. Paired t test were used to compare both GPS versus printed directions and performance between on-road driving and the simulator. <br><br>FINDINGS.: Participants' performance using GPS on the road was significantly better than with printed directions. There was no significant difference between performance in the simulator and on the road. IMPLICATIONS.: Using GPS may be an effective strategy for improving safety. Using a driving simulator may be an efficient means of evaluating the strategic level of driving, executive function, and readiness to drive.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0008-4174",
doi="10.1177/0008417419831390",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008417419831390"
}