@article{ref1,
title="Venomous bites, stings, and poisoning: an update",
journal="Infectious disease clinics of North America",
year="2019",
author="Warrell, David A.",
volume="33",
number="1",
pages="17-38",
abstract="This article discusses the epidemiology, prevention, clinical features, and treatment of venomous bites by snakes, lizards, and spiders; stings by fish, jellyfish, echinoderms, insects, and scorpions; and poisoning by ingestion of fish, turtles, and shellfish. Invertebrate stings cause fatalities by anaphylaxis, secondary to acquired hypersensitivity (Hymenoptera, such as bees, wasps, and ants; and jellyfish), and by direct envenoming (scorpions, spiders, jellyfish, and echinoderms). Simple preventive techniques, such as wearing protective clothing, using a flashlight at night, and excluding venomous animals from sleeping quarters, are of paramount importance to reduce the risk of venomous bites and stings.<br><br>Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0891-5520",
doi="10.1016/j.idc.2018.10.001",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2018.10.001"
}