@article{ref1,
title="Modeling surface temperatures for snow-covered roads: a case study for a heated pavement in Bærum, Norway",
journal="Transportation research record",
year="2018",
author="Nuijten, Anne D. W. and Hoff, Inge and Høyland, Knut V.",
volume="2672",
number="12",
pages="220-231",
abstract="Heated pavements are used as an alternative to removing snow and ice mechanically and chemically. Usually a heated pavement system is automatically switched on when snowfall starts or when there is a risk of ice formation. Ideally, these systems run based on accurate predictions of surface conditions a couple of hours ahead of time, for which both weather forecasts and reliable surface temperature predictions are needed. The effective thermal conductivity of the snow layer is often described as a function of its density. However the thermal conductivity of a snow layer can vary considerably, not only for snow samples with a different density, but also for snow samples with the same density, but with a variation in the liquid water content. In this paper a physical temperature and surface condition model is described for snow-covered roads. The model is validated for an entire winter season on a heated pavement in Norway. Two different models to describe the thermal conductivity through the snow layer were compared. <br><br>RESULTS show that the thermal conductivity of the snow layer can be best described as a function of the density for snow with a low liquid water content. For snow with a high water content, the thermal conductivity can be best described as a function of the volume fractions and thermal conductivity of ice, water, and air, in which air and ice are modeled as a series system and water and air/ice in parallel.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0361-1981",
doi="10.1177/0361198118772959",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118772959"
}