@article{ref1,
title="Sport courage, worry and fear in relation to success of alpine ski learning",
journal="Sports (Basel)",
year="2018",
author="Cigrovski, Vjekoslav and Radman, Ivan and Konter, Erkut and Očić, Mateja and Ruzic, Lana",
volume="6",
number="3",
pages="e6030096-e6030096",
abstract="(1) Background: Individuals' psychological traits can influence not just success in sport but also the ability to learn new motor skills. We investigated whether sport courage, worry and fear differ between alpine ski-naive and basic level skiers and how they affect ski learning. (2): A total of 337 students (249 ski-naive and 88 basic level) participated in research consisting of a four-part questionnaire and structured skiing program. (3) Results: For beginners, lower fear (<i>r =</i> -0.30, <i>p <</i> 0.01) and higher Self-efficiency (<i>r =</i> 0.28, <i>p <</i> 0.05) and mastery (<i>r =</i> 0.20, <i>p <</i> 0.01) were associated with better performance; reducing fear and increasing self-efficiency and worry increased performance. Experienced skiers were better in determination, mastery, and self-efficiency (all <i>p <</i> 0.05). In case of lower score in worry (<i>r =</i> -0.28, <i>p <</i> 0.01) and higher in self-efficiency (<i>r =</i> 0.22, <i>p <</i> 0.05) performance was better. Males scored higher in sport courage scale-31 (all <i>p <</i> 0.05). In particular, self-efficiency was associated with better (<i>r =</i> 0.39, <i>p <</i> 0.01), and higher fear with poorer performance (<i>r =</i> -0.33, <i>p <</i> 0.01). Moreover, self-efficiency was a predictor of ski success (<i>p <</i> 0.001). On the other hand, females like ski beginners scored higher in fear (<i>p <</i> 0.001). In females, determination, mastery and self-efficiency had a positive correlation with skiing (<i>r =</i> 0.21, <i>p <</i> 0.05, <i>r =</i> 0.28, <i>p <</i> 0.01, and <i>r =</i> 0.33, <i>p <</i> 0.01, respectively), while association between Fear and skiing (<i>r =</i> -0.46, <i>p <</i> 0.01) was negative, and fear (<i>p <</i> 0.001) was inversely related to success. (4): Conclusions: Psychological factors and gender differences need to be considered during learning phases of alpine skiing. There is a positive association between self-efficiency and performance of male ski beginners, and negative association between fear and achieved results in basic alpine ski school in case of female ski beginners.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2075-4663",
doi="10.3390/sports6030096",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports6030096"
}