@article{ref1,
title="End-tidal carbon dioxide levels in patients with post-concussion syndrome during neurocognitive and physical tasks compared to a normative control group",
journal="Brain injury",
year="2018",
author="Siedlecki, Patrick and Sanzo, Paolo and Zerpa, Carlos and Newhouse, Ian",
volume="32",
number="13-14",
pages="1824-1833",
abstract="PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Recent findings suggest breathing may negatively affect performance after concussion. The aim of the study was to examine group differences between individuals with and without post-concussion syndrome (PCS) in end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO<sub>2</sub>) and respiratory rate (RR) during neurocognitive and physical tasks. HYPOTHESIS: Individuals in the PCS group will have elevated ETCO<sub>2</sub> and lower RR compared to the control group. <br><br>METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was used in which a capnography unit collected ETCO<sub>2</sub> and RR breathing data from 22 participants (control = 17; PCS = 5) during rest, the completion of the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) battery and while slow and fast walking. Four repeated measures mixed factorial ANOVAs, with an alpha level set at p ≤ 0.05, were used to examine group and task differences. <br><br>RESULTS: Both groups displayed similar breathing responses to cognitive and physical stress; however, PCS participants had significantly elevated ETCO<sub>2</sub> throughout the study (during rest, the ImPACT and while walking) compared to the control. Conversely, no significant group differences were found in RR. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Cerebral physiological alterations and deficits in the autonomic nervous system may cause abnormal ETCO<sub>2</sub> in individuals after concussion. Future research evaluating breathing patterns in PCS may be warranted.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0269-9052",
doi="10.1080/02699052.2018.1506945",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2018.1506945"
}