@article{ref1,
title="Frequency and prognostic factors of olfactory dysfunction after traumatic brain injury",
journal="Brain injury",
year="2018",
author="Bratt, Mette and Skandsen, Toril and Hummel, Thomas and Moen, Kent G. and Vik, Anne and Nordgård, Ståle and Helvik, Anne-S",
volume="32",
number="8",
pages="1021-1027",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency and factors associated with posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction, including anosmia, in a follow-up of patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). <br><br>METHODS: The setting was a cross-sectional study of patients that were consecutively included in the Trondheim TBI database, comprising injury-related variables. Eligible participants 18-65 years were contacted 9-104 months post trauma and asked olfactory-related questions. Those reporting possible posttraumatic change of olfaction were invited to further examination using the Sniffin' Sticks panel. <br><br>RESULTS: Of 211 eligible participants, 182 (86.3%) took part in telephone interviews and 25(13.7%) were diagnosed with olfactory dysfunction. 60% of these, or 8.2% of all participants, had anosmia. In age-adjusted logistic regression analyses, fall (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.0-6.2), skull base fracture (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-7.1) and cortical contusion(s) (OR 6.0, 95% CI 2.1-17.3) were associated with olfactory dysfunction. In an analysis of anosmia, fall (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.1-10.6) and cortical contusion(s) (OR 19.7, 95% CI 2.5-156.0) were associated with the outcome. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Of the study participants 13.7% had olfactory dysfunction and 8.2% had anosmia. Higher age, trauma caused by fall and CT displaying skull base fracture and cortical contusion(s) were related to olfactory dysfunction.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0269-9052",
doi="10.1080/02699052.2018.1469043",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2018.1469043"
}