Over the past several months, celebrities, politicians, and, in some cases, neighbors have had their sexual misconduct exposed. Reasons for gender-based violence are not always simple, but they often include vulnerability of individuals because of unequal power or authority, extremes of age, different sexual orientation or gender identity, or institutional misogyny. Unfortunately, the history of obstetric practice in the United States has had a basis in studies that illustrated abuse of women. Black women slaves endured surgeries without the benefit of anesthesia in an attempt simply to refine surgical techniques in the 1800s, and unethical contraceptive studies and coerced sterilization were performed in the last century, primarily involving women of color or those who were mentally disabled ...
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", language="en", issn="1751-4851", doi="10.1016/j.nwh.2018.02.008", url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2018.02.008" }