@article{ref1,
title="Changes in self-efficacy and outcome expectations from child participation in bicycle trains for commuting to and from school",
journal="Health education and behavior",
year="2018",
author="Huang, Cathy and Dannenberg, Andrew L. and Haaland, Wren and Mendoza, Jason A.",
volume="45",
number="5",
pages="748-755",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Active commuting to school (ACS) is associated with increased physical activity and lowered risk of obesity. In observational studies, ACS was associated with child self-efficacy, parent self-efficacy, and parent outcome expectations, although few experiments have assessed changes in these behavioral constructs. <br><br>AIM: This study examined the effects of a bicycle train intervention (BTI) on child self-efficacy, parent self-efficacy, and parent outcome expectations in a diverse, low socioeconomic status population. <br><br>METHOD: Data were from a 2014 BTI pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) on fourth to fifth graders aged 9 to 12 years, n = 54, from four schools serving low-income populations in Seattle, Washington. The BTI was a group of children and study staff who cycled together to/from school daily, while controls received no intervention. Responses to validated child self-efficacy, parent self-efficacy, and parent outcome expectations questionnaires ranged from 1 to 3. Adjusted linear mixed effects models estimated standardized coefficients for child self-efficacy, parent self-efficacy, and parent outcome expectations comparing intervention and controls from Time 1 (preintervention) to Time 2 (final 4-6 weeks of intervention). <br><br>RESULTS: The intervention group had increases in child self-efficacy of 0.84 standard deviations (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.37, 1.31]), parent self-efficacy of 0.46 standard deviations (95% CI [0.05, 0.86]), and parent outcome expectations of 0.47 standard deviations (95% CI [0.17, 0.76]) compared with controls from Times 1 to 2 (all ps <.05). <br><br>CONCLUSION: A BTI improved child self-efficacy, parent self-efficacy, and parent outcome expectations, which warrants a larger RCT to examine long-term changes to these behavioral constructs and ACS.  Keywords: SR2S<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1090-1981",
doi="10.1177/1090198118769346",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198118769346"
}