@article{ref1,
title="Mental health expenditures: association with workplace incivility and bullying among hospital patient care workers",
journal="Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine",
year="2018",
author="Sabbath, Erika L. and Williams, Jessica A. R. and Boden, Leslie I. and Tempesti, Tommaso and Wagner, Gregory R. and Hopcia, Karen and Hashimoto, Dean and Sorensen, Glorian",
volume="60",
number="8",
pages="737-742",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Bullied workers have poor self-reported mental health; monetary costs of bullying exposure are unknown. We tested associations between bullying and health plan claims for mental health diagnoses. <br><br>METHODS: We used data from 793 hospital workers who answered questions about bullying in a survey and subscribed to the group health plan. We used two-part models to test associations between types of incivility/bullying and mental health expenditures. <br><br>RESULTS: Workers experiencing incivility or bullying had greater odds of any mental health claims. Among claimants, unexposed workers spent $792, those experiencing one type of incivility or bullying spent $1,557 (p for difference from unexposed=0.016), those experiencing two types spent $928 (p = 0.503), and those experiencing three types spent $1,446 (p = 0.040). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Workplace incivility and bullying may carry monetary costs to employers, which could be controlled through work environment modification.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1076-2752",
doi="10.1097/JOM.0000000000001322",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001322"
}