@article{ref1,
title="Differences between snakebites with concomitant use of alcohol or drugs and single snakebites",
journal="Southern medical journal",
year="2018",
author="Schulte, Joann and Kleinschmidt, Kurt C. and Domanski, Kristina and Smith, Eric Anthony and Haynes, Ashley and Roth, Brett",
volume="111",
number="2",
pages="113-117",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: Published reports have suggested that the concurrent use of alcohol or drugs occurs among some snakebite victims, but no national assessment of such data exists. <br><br>METHODS: We used data from US poison control centers collected during telephone calls in calendar years 2000-2013 to compare snake envenomations with concomitant use of drugs, alcohol, or both to snakebites lacking such use. <br><br>RESULTS: A total of 608 snakebites with 659 instances of concomitant alcohol/drug use were reported, which represent approximately 1% of 92,751 snakebites reported to US poison control centers. An annual mean of 48 snakebites with concomitant use of alcohol/drugs was reported, compared with a mean of 6625 snakebites per year with no concomitant use of alcohol/drugs. Most cases involved men, peaked during the summer months, and involved copperheads or rattlesnakes, which mirrored overall trends. Snakebite victims who also used alcohol/drugs were more likely than victims with only a snakebite reported to be bitten by rattlesnakes, to be admitted to the hospital, and die. Alcohol was the most common reported concomitant substance, but other substances were reported. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Snakebites with concomitant use of alcohol/drugs are uncommon, accounting for approximately 1% of the snakebite envenomations reported annually to US poison control centers; however, snakebite victims also reporting alcohol/drug use are more likely to be bitten by rattlesnakes, be admitted to a healthcare facility, and die.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0038-4348",
doi="10.14423/SMJ.0000000000000760",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.14423/SMJ.0000000000000760"
}