Concussion is caused by a strong impact to the head that leads to problems with thinking or other neurological symptoms. Concussions can occur in any sport when there is a blow to the head, neck, or body that sends a strong force to the head. The symptoms of concussion include headache, cognitive problems such as mental fogginess or changes in memory, problems with balance and coordination, behavioral changes such as irritability, and slowed reaction time. Although most concussions are not associated with loss of consciousness, temporary loss of consciousness can occur. Evaluation In cases of suspected sport-related concussion, athletes should immediately be removed from play and assessed by a physician or other licensed health care professional. Assessment begins with evaluation for serious signs of injury such as severe headache, neck pain, double vision, weakness or tingling in the arms or legs, vomiting, seizure, or decreased level of consciousness. If any of these “red flags” are present, emergency transportation to a medical facility may be needed. If no “red flags” are present, then a more detailed evaluation for concussion may be performed on the sidelines or in the locker room. There is no single test that can definitively diagnose concussion, and various tools are available to aid in diagnosis. One instrument that is commonly used by health care professionals is the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool—5th Edition (SCAT5). The SCAT5 involves questions about symptoms; brief testing of cognitive functions such as memory and concentration; and a screening neurological examination that includes evaluation of eye movements, balance, and coordination. New problems can arise during the first 24 to 48 hours after a concussion, so the athlete should not be left alone during this time and medical care should be urgently sought if symptoms worsen. Repeat concussions are most likely to occur in the first several days after a concussion and can cause serious injury, so athletes should not rush to return to play...
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", language="en", issn="0098-7484", doi="10.1001/jama.2018.0436", url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.0436" }