@article{ref1,
title="Reversing broken windows: evidence of lagged, multilevel impacts of risk perceptions on perceptions of incivility",
journal="Crime and delinquency",
year="2017",
author="Link, Nathan W. and Kelly, James M. and Pitts, Joseph R. and Waltman-Spreha, Kelly and Taylor, Ralph B.",
volume="63",
number="6",
pages="659-682",
abstract="Despite a large number of studies testing Broken Windows Theory (BWT), the reverse theoretical pathway has never been assessed longitudinally (risk perceptions → incivilities perceptions). It is estimated here using panel data from Baltimore, Maryland. <br><br>RESULTS show lagged, multilevel impacts of risk perceptions on shifting incivilities perceptions. Furthermore, impacts of risk perceptions on later shifts in perceived incivilities vary significantly across streetblocks. <br><br>FINDINGS support Harcourt's assertion that &quot;disorder&quot; is not a fixed and unambiguous label; rather, it is dependent on a person defining his or her surroundings. People who report a high degree of crime risk are &quot;biased&quot; toward defining neighborhood features as more problematic than those who do not.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0011-1287",
doi="10.1177/0011128714555606",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128714555606"
}