@article{ref1,
title=""Seeing" hate crime in the community: do resident perceptions of hate crime align with self-reported victimization?",
journal="Crime and delinquency",
year="2017",
author="Wickes, Rebecca and Sydes, Michelle and Benier, Kathryn and Higginson, Angela",
volume="63",
number="7",
pages="875-896",
abstract="Hate crimes undermine tolerance and social inclusion by conveying an &quot;outsider&quot; status of the victim and other group members to the broader community. Yet, limited research considers whether non-victims recognize hate crime incidents when they occur. Using census and survey data for 4,000 residents living in 145 communities, we ask whether local residents &quot;see&quot; hate crime when it happens in their neighborhood and whether the neighborhood context influences the association between residents' perceptions of hate crime and self-reported hate victimization. We find that residents' perceptions are positively related to victim self-reports; however, this relationship weakens in ethnically diverse and disadvantaged areas. This suggests that residents' perceptions of hate crime may be more dependent upon the community context than non-hate crimes.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0011-1287",
doi="10.1177/0011128715625079",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128715625079"
}