@article{ref1,
title="Young adult outcomes for children with 22q11 deletion syndrome and comorbid ADHD",
journal="Journal of pediatric psychology",
year="2018",
author="Taylor, Lea E. and Kates, Wendy R. and Fremont, Wanda and Antshel, Kevin M.",
volume="43",
number="6",
pages="636-644",
abstract="BACKGROUND: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a common microdeletion syndrome associated with a variety of negative health, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral outcomes. 22q11DS is comorbid with many psychiatric disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study aimed to investigate the cognitive, behavioral, and functional outcomes that a childhood ADHD diagnosis predicts to in adulthood. <br><br>METHODS: This longitudinal study followed 52 individuals with 22q11DS over 9 years. Childhood ADHD was operationalized both categorically (Diagnostic and statistical manual - 4th edition (DSM-IV) ADHD diagnoses) and dimensionally (inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms) and was tested as predictors of young adult outcomes. <br><br>RESULTS: As young adults, children with 22q11DS + baseline ADHD had more parent-reported executive dysfunction and lower levels of clinician-rated overall functioning than those with 22q11DS yet without ADHD. Dimensional symptoms of ADHD in childhood did not predict young adult outcomes. No self-report differences emerged between those with and without baseline ADHD. The majority (82.4%) of individuals with 22q11DS + baseline ADHD were never treated with an ADHD medication. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A categorical diagnosis of ADHD in childhood predicted a greater variety of worse outcomes than dimensional levels of ADHD symptoms. Despite the significant impact of comorbid ADHD in 22q11DS, evidence-based treatment rates were low.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0146-8693",
doi="10.1093/jpepsy/jsy002",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsy002"
}