@article{ref1,
title="An imbalance of approach and effortful control predicts externalizing problems: support for extending the dual-systems model into early childhood",
journal="Journal of abnormal child psychology",
year="2018",
author="Jonas, Katherine and Kochanska, Grazyna",
volume="46",
number="8",
pages="1573-1583",
abstract="Although the association between deficits in effortful control and later externalizing behavior is well established, many researchers (Nigg Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3-4), 395-422, 2006; Steinberg Developmental Review, 28(1), 78-106, 2008) have hypothesized this association is actually the product of the imbalance of dual systems, or two underlying traits: approach and self-regulation. Very little research, however, has deployed a statistically robust strategy to examine that compelling model; further, no research has done so using behavioral measures, particularly in longitudinal studies. We examined the imbalance of approach and self-regulation (effortful control, EC) as predicting externalizing problems. Latent trait models of approach and EC were derived from behavioral measures collected from 102 children in a community sample at 25, 38, 52, and 67 months (2 to 5 ½ years), and used to predict externalizing behaviors, modeled as a latent trait derived from parent-reported measures at 80, 100, 123, and 147 months (6 ½ to 12 years). The imbalance hypothesis was supported: Children with an imbalance of approach and EC had more externalizing behavior problems in middle childhood and early preadolescence, relative to children with equal levels of the two traits.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0091-0627",
doi="10.1007/s10802-018-0400-3",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0400-3"
}