@article{ref1,
title="Gender-based violence among HIV-positive women in Kazakhstan: prevalence, types, and associated risk and protective factors",
journal="Violence against women",
year="2018",
author="Jiwatram-Negrón, Tina and El-Bassel, Nabila and Primbetova, Sholpan and Terlikbayeva, Assel",
volume="24",
number="13",
pages="1570-1590",
abstract="This article examines the prevalence and associated multilevel risk and protective factors of intimate and nonintimate partner violence among a sample of 249 HIV-positive women in Kazakhstan. We found high prevalence of both lifetime intimate partner violence (52%) and nonintimate partner violence (30%). Together, nearly 60% experienced at least one incident of violence by either an intimate or nonintimate partner (gender-based violence [GBV]). In the multivariate analyses, we found associations between several individual, interpersonal, and socio-structural risk factors and GBV. <br><br>FINDINGS provide direction for practice, policy, and future research to address the intersection of GBV and HIV in Kazakhstan.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1077-8012",
doi="10.1177/1077801217741218",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801217741218"
}