@article{ref1,
title="Repeated mild traumatic brain injury produces neuroinflammation, anxiety-like behaviour and impaired spatial memory in mice",
journal="Brain injury",
year="2018",
author="Broussard, John I. and Acion, Laura and De Jesús-Cortés, Héctor and Yin, Terry and Britt, Jeremiah K. and Salas, Ramiro and Costa-Mattioli, Mauro and Robertson, Claudia and Pieper, Andrew A. and Arciniegas, David B. and Jorge, Ricardo",
volume="32",
number="1",
pages="113-122",
abstract="PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Repeated traumatic brain injuries (rmTBI) are frequently associated with debilitating neuropsychiatric conditions such as cognitive impairment, mood disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. We tested the hypothesis that repeated mild traumatic brain injury impairs spatial memory and enhances anxiety-like behaviour. RESEARCH DESIGN: We used a between groups design using single (smTBI) or repeated (rmTBI) controlled cranial closed skull impacts to mice, compared to a control group. <br><br>METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We assessed the effects of smTBI and rmTBI using measures of motor performance (Rotarod Test [RT]), anxiety-like behaviour (Elevated Plus Maze [EPM] and Open Field [OF] tests), and spatial memory (Morris Water Maze [MWM]) within 12 days of the final injury. In separate groups of mice, astrocytosis and microglial activation were assessed 24 hours after the final injury using GFAP and IBA-1 immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: RmTBI impaired spatial memory in the MWM and increased anxiety-like behaviour in the EPM and OFT. In addition, rmTBI elevated GFAP and IBA-1 immunohistochemistry throughout the mouse brain. RmTBI produced astrocytosis and microglial activation, and elicited impaired spatial memory and anxiety-like behaviour. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: rmTBI produces acute cognitive and anxiety-like disturbances associated with inflammatory changes in brain regions involved in spatial memory and anxiety.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0269-9052",
doi="10.1080/02699052.2017.1380228",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1380228"
}