@article{ref1,
title="Tramadol effects on physical performance and sustained attention during a 20-min indoor cycling time-trial: A randomised controlled trial",
journal="Journal of science and medicine in sport",
year="2018",
author="Holgado, Darías and Zandonai, Thomas and Zabala, Mikel and Hopker, James and Perakakis, Pandelis and Luque-Casado, Antonio and Ciria, Luis and Guerra-Hernandez, Eduardo and Sanabria, Daniel",
volume="21",
number="7",
pages="654-660",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of tramadol on performance during a 20-min cycling time-trial (Experiment 1), and to test whether sustained attention would be impaired during cycling after tramadol intake (Experiment 2). <br><br>DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. <br><br>METHODS: In Experiment 1, participants completed a cycling time-trial, 120-min after they ingested either tramadol or placebo. In Experiment 2, participants performed a visual oddball task during the time-trial. Electroencephalography measures (EEG) were recorded throughout the session. <br><br>RESULTS: In Experiment 1, average time-trial power output was higher in the tramadol vs. placebo condition (tramadol: 220W vs. placebo: 209W; p<0.01). In Experiment 2, no differences between conditions were observed in the average power output (tramadol: 234W vs. placebo: 230W; p>0.05). No behavioural differences were found between conditions in the oddball task. Crucially, the time frequency analysis in Experiment 2 revealed an overall lower target-locked power in the beta-band (p<0.01), and higher alpha suppression (p<0.01) in the tramadol vs. placebo condition. At baseline, EEG power spectrum was higher under tramadol than under placebo in Experiment 1 while the reverse was true for Experiment 2. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Tramadol improved cycling power output in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2, which may be due to the simultaneous performance of a cognitive task. Interestingly enough, the EEG data in Experiment 2 pointed to an impact of tramadol on stimulus processing related to sustained attention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT number: 2015-005056-96.<br><br>Crown Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1440-2440",
doi="10.1016/j.jsams.2017.10.032",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.10.032"
}