@article{ref1,
title="The effect of range and ammunition type on fracture patterns in porcine postcranial flat bones",
journal="Journal of forensic and legal medicine",
year="2017",
author="Fragkouli, Kleio and Al Hakeem, Eyad and Bulut, Ozgur and Simmons, Tal",
volume="53",
number="",
pages="1-12",
abstract="Pig half-carcasses were shot in scapulae, ribs and mandibles with either 0.243 hunting rifle using high velocity expanding ammunition (N = 30) or AK47 using full metal jacketed (FMJ) ammunition (N = 12) from a range of either 5 or 20 m. Fracture patterns related to distance of fire and ammunition type were compared on de-fleshed, macerated, and reconstructed bones. For expanding ammunition, location of fracture on ribs affected the resulting pattern. Scapulae shot from 5 m presented a comminuted pattern different from those shot from 20 m. Mandibles shot from 20 m showed a characteristic radiating pattern at entrance with the opposite ramus un-fractured; those shot from 5 m exhibited fractures to both rami. Using decision tree analysis provided accuracies of 93.8% for scapulae and 87.5% for mandibles. For FMJ, no distance dependent fracture differences were apparent in any bone. Decision tree analysis facilitated the interpretation of fracture patterns caused by projectile trauma.<br><br>Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1752-928X",
doi="10.1016/j.jflm.2017.10.004",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2017.10.004"
}