@article{ref1,
title="Self-esteem and non-suicidal self-injury in adulthood: a systematic review",
journal="Journal of affective disorders",
year="2017",
author="Forrester, Rebecca L. and Slater, Hayley and Jomar, Khowla and Mitzman, Susan and Taylor, Peter James",
volume="221",
number="",
pages="172-183",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a self-destructive act that represents a considerable burden on the individual and society. Low self-esteem may be a psychological variable that is related to NSSI. However, little is known about the nature of this relationship in adulthood. This systematic review therefore aimed to provide a synthesis of the available literature on the relationship between self-esteem and NSSI. <br><br>METHODS: Articles were independently identified and risk of bias assessed by two reviewers searching PsycINFO, CINAHL, Medline and Web of Science databases. Inclusion criteria were: (1) a mean sample age of eighteen years or over (2) full manuscripts available in English (3) assessment of NSSI (4) assessment(s) of self-esteem. A narrative synthesis of results was undertaken. A random-effects meta-analysis of differences in self-esteem between NSSI and non-NSSI groups was also undertaken. <br><br>RESULTS: Seventeen studies were identified and indicated a significant negative relationship between self-esteem and NSSI. The meta-analysis indicated lower self-esteem in those with experiences of NSSI versus those without, d = 0.59 - 1.17. <br><br>RESULTS suggested that although low self-esteem and NSSI are related in both clinical and non-clinical populations, there are a number of factors which also influence this relationship. LIMITATIONS: The absence of longitudinal research is a major limitation of this literature. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: It will be important for clinicians to consider the impact of self-esteem in those seeking support for NSSI. Further research should undertake longitudinal research to better understand the self-esteem and NSSI relationship.<br><br>Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0165-0327",
doi="10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.027",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.027"
}