@article{ref1,
title="Bicycle helmet use by children: evaluation of a community-wide helmet campaign",
journal="JAMA journal of the American Medical Association",
year="1989",
author="Polissar, Nayak Lincoln and Koepsell, Thomas D. and Rivara, Frederick P. and DiGuiseppi, Carolyn G.",
volume="262",
number="16",
pages="2256-2261",
abstract="To assess the effect of a community-wide bicycle helmet campaign on helmet use, we observed 9,827 children riding bicycles at sites in high-, middle-, and low-income census tracts in Seattle, Wash (intervention city), and Portland, Ore (control city); observations were made during 2-week intervals before and 4, 12, and 16 months after the campaign's start. Helmet use increased from 5.5% before the campaign to 15.7% afterward in Seattle and from 1.0% to 2.9% in Portland. Strong associations were found between helmet use and white compared with black or other race; riding geared vs nongeared bicycles; riding at playgrounds, in parks, or on bicycle paths vs on city streets; and riding with adults or other children compared with riding alone. The proportions of helmet wearers, adjusted for these variables, increased from 4.6% to 14.0% in Seattle and from 1.0% to 3.6% in Portland, a significantly greater increase in use in Seattle compared with Portland. We conclude that a community-wide bicycle helmet campaign can increase helmet use among children.",
language="en",
issn="0098-7484",
doi="10.1001/jama.1989.03430160078034",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03430160078034"
}