@article{ref1,
title="The effectiveness of active head restraint in preventing whiplash",
journal="Journal of trauma",
year="2001",
author="Olsen, S. and Viano, David C.",
volume="51",
number="5",
pages="959-969",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Whiplash injury claims have increased for two decades and manual head restraints are often incorrectly adjusted. A Self-Aligning Head Restraint (SAHR) was designed to move upward and forward by occupant motion in a rear crash providing earlier neck support, even when the head restraint is positioned low. This study determines its field effectiveness. METHODS: Insurance records were analyzed for consecutive Saab rear crashes in Sweden over 18 months. The Saab 9000/900 had standard head restraints and Saab 9-5/9-3 had SAHR. A questionnaire was mailed to the occupants, insurance and medical records were reviewed, and phone interviews were conducted. RESULTS: SAHR reduced whiplash injury risks by 75 +/- 11% from an 18 +/- 5% incidence in 85 occupants with standard head restraints to 4 +/- 3% in 92 occupants with SAHR. No SAHR seat required repair or replacement after the crashes. CONCLUSION: SAHR is effective in reducing whiplash injury in rear crashes and is a passive public-health approach that works irrespective of manual head-restraint adjustment.",
language="",
issn="0022-5282",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}