@article{ref1,
title="The early emergence of guilt-motivated prosocial behavior",
journal="Child development",
year="2016",
author="Vaish, Amrisha and Carpenter, Malinda and Tomasello, Michael",
volume="87",
number="6",
pages="1772-1782",
abstract="Guilt serves vital prosocial functions: It motivates transgressors to make amends, thus restoring damaged relationships. Previous developmental research on guilt has not clearly distinguished it from sympathy for a victim or a tendency to repair damage in general. The authors tested 2- and 3-year-old children (N = 62 and 64, respectively) in a 2 × 2 design, varying whether or not a mishap caused harm to someone and whether children themselves caused that mishap. Three-year-olds showed greatest reparative behavior when they had caused the mishap and it caused harm, thus showing a specific effect of guilt. Two-year-olds repaired more whenever harm was caused, no matter by whom, thus showing only an effect of sympathy. Guilt as a distinct motivator of prosocial behavior thus emerges by at least 3 years.<br><br>© 2016 The Authors. Child Development © 2016 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0009-3920",
doi="10.1111/cdev.12628",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12628"
}