@article{ref1,
title="Characteristics and frequency of chipping effects in near-contact gunshot wounds",
journal="Journal of forensic sciences",
year="2016",
author="Amadasi, Alberto and Mazzarelli, Debora and Merli, Daniele and Brandone, Alberto and Cattaneo, Cristina",
volume="62",
number="3",
pages="786-790",
abstract="The presence of &quot;chipping&quot; or &quot;flaking&quot; around the edges of gunshot entry wounds has been described among the characteristics of gunshot wounds in bone. In this study, the real frequency of such a peculiar feature was investigated. The presence of &quot;chipping&quot; was assessed on 22 gunshot wounds fired at a near-contact range on bovine ribs with 9-mm bullets. As controls, five samples were shot with a 3 cm range, and five from 40 cm. In 77% of cases shot at near-contact range, a detachment of small fragments of the upper layers of bone was detected, mainly with a circumferential disposition, whereas this feature was lacking in control samples. The study demonstrated the frequency of &quot;chipping&quot; and that it may probably be due to a combined ballistic effect of impact of the bullet itself and expansion of gases. It may be thus considered indicative of close-range shots.<br><br>© 2016 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-1198",
doi="10.1111/1556-4029.13312",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13312"
}