@article{ref1,
title="A longitudinal study of adolescent psychotic experiences and later development of substance use disorder and suicidal behavior",
journal="Schizophrenia Research",
year="2016",
author="Cederlöf, Martin and Kuja-Halkola, Ralf and Larsson, Henrik and Sjölander, Arvid and Östberg, Per and Lundström, Sebastian and Kelleher, Ian and Lichtenstein, Paul",
volume="181",
number="",
pages="13-16",
abstract="INTRODUCTION: Psychotic experiences are associated with later substance use disorder and suicidal behavior, but individual psychotic experiences have not been examined in a longitudinal data set. Also, the potential dose-response relationship between these phenomena remains unknown. <br><br>METHOD: Cohort study including 9242 adolescents who participated in The Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS). At ages 15 and/or 18, seven psychotic experiences (auditory and visual hallucinations, and five delusions) were assessed via questionnaires. Outcomes at follow-up were physician-assigned diagnoses of substance use disorder and suicide attempts ascertained from the Swedish Patient Register. Associations were estimated with Cox regressions and expressed as hazard ratios. <br><br>RESULTS: All psychotic experiences were associated with later substance use disorder and/or suicide attempts, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.6 to 3.0. A dose-response relationship was observed between psychotic experiences and later substance use disorder, and suicide attempt. <br><br>DISCUSSION: Auditory and visual hallucinations as well as delusions in adolescence are associated with later development of substance use disorder and suicide attempt, and there is a dose-response relationship between the load of psychotic experiences and these adverse outcomes. Clinicians should assess subclinical hallucinations as well as delusions in psychiatric evaluations of adolescents.<br><br>Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0920-9964",
doi="10.1016/j.schres.2016.08.029",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.08.029"
}