@article{ref1,
title="PTSD symptom severities, interpersonal traumas, and benzodiazepines are associated with substance-related problems in trauma patients",
journal="Journal of clinical medicine",
year="2016",
author="Guina, Jeffrey and Nahhas, Ramzi W. and Goldberg, Adam J. and Farnsworth, Seth",
volume="5",
number="8",
pages="e5080070-e5080070",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Trauma is commonly associated with substance-related problems, yet associations between specific substances and specific posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSSs) are understudied. We hypothesized that substance-related problems are associated with PTSS severities, interpersonal traumas, and benzodiazepine prescriptions. <br><br>METHODS: Using a cross-sectional survey methodology in a consecutive sample of adult outpatients with trauma histories (n = 472), we used logistic regression to examine substance-related problems in general (primary, confirmatory analysis), as well as alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug problems specifically (secondary, exploratory analyses) in relation to demographics, trauma type, PTSSs, and benzodiazepine prescriptions. <br><br>RESULTS: After adjusting for multiple testing, several factors were significantly associated with substance-related problems, particularly benzodiazepines (AOR = 2.78; 1.99 for alcohol, 2.42 for tobacco, 8.02 for illicit drugs), DSM-5 PTSD diagnosis (AOR = 1.92; 2.38 for alcohol, 2.00 for tobacco, 2.14 for illicit drugs), most PTSSs (especially negative beliefs, recklessness, and avoidance), and interpersonal traumas (e.g., assaults and child abuse). <br><br>CONCLUSION: In this clinical sample, there were consistent and strong associations between several trauma-related variables and substance-related problems, consistent with our hypotheses. We discuss possible explanations and implications of these findings, which we hope will stimulate further research, and improve screening and treatment.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2077-0383",
doi="10.3390/jcm5080070",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm5080070"
}