@article{ref1,
title="Optimal traffic calming: a mixed-integer bi-level programming model for locating sidewalks and crosswalks in a multimodal transportation network to maximize pedestrians' safety and network usability",
journal="Transportation research part E: logistics and transportation review",
year="2016",
author="Rashidi, Eghbal and Parsafard, Mohsen and Medal, Hugh and Li, Xiaopeng",
volume="91",
number="",
pages="33-50",
abstract="We study the effect that installing sidewalks and crosswalks, as traffic calming facilities, has on the safety and usability of a transportation network with automobile, public transit and walking as modes of transportation. A mathematical programming model is proposed for this problem whose objective is to minimize the safety hazard for pedestrians and the total transportation cost of the network. We utilize a customized greedy heuristic and a simulated annealing algorithm for solving the problem. The computational results indicate that installing sidewalks and crosswalks at proper locations can reduce the overall transportation cost and improve pedestrians' safety.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1366-5545",
doi="10.1016/j.tre.2016.03.016",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2016.03.016"
}