@article{ref1,
title="Comprehensive review of golf-related ocular injuries",
journal="Retina",
year="2016",
author="Crane, Elliot S. and Kolomeyer, Anton M. and Kim, Eliott and Chu, David S.",
volume="36",
number="7",
pages="1237-1243",
abstract="PURPOSE: The authors aimed to analyze the causes and outcomes of golf-related ocular injuries in this retrospective meta-analysis, literature review, and original case series. <br><br>METHODS: Forty-one articles identified by PubMed search resulted in 11 included studies yielding 102 subjects. Included articles described all ocular golf injuries that presented to an institution during a determined period. Eight factors were analyzed: age, sex, location and mechanism of injury, protective eyewear use, resulting open-globe injury, resulting enucleation, and visual acuity changes. <br><br>RESULTS: No subjects wore adequate protective eyewear. Significantly more subjects were injured by golf balls (72%) than golf clubs (27%) or foreign body (1%) (P < 0.0001). The ratio of golf ball to club injuries was significantly higher in adults (92%) than in children (23%) (P < 0.0001). Forty-seven of 93 (51%) injuries resulted in an open globe, whereas 27/82 (33%) injuries resulted in enucleation. The mean ± SD logMAR visual acuity improved by -0.641 ± 0.745 after treatment (>6 lines of improvement; P = 0.0001). <br><br>CONCLUSION: Reported ocular golf injuries occur less frequently than other ocular sports injuries, but may result in devastating outcomes. Supervision of children using golf equipment should be encouraged.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0275-004X",
doi="10.1097/IAE.0000000000001119",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000001119"
}