@article{ref1,
title="An evaluation of the longitudinal, bidirectional associations between gait speed and cognition in older women and men",
journal="Journals of gerontology. Series A: Biological sciences and medical sciences",
year="2016",
author="Best, John R. and Liu-Ambrose, Teresa and Boudreau, Robert M. and Ayonayon, Hilsa N. and Satterfield, Suzanne and Simonsick, Eleanor M. and Studenski, Stephanie and Yaffe, Kristine and Newman, Anne B. and Rosano, Caterina",
volume="71",
number="12",
pages="1616-1623",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Few cohort studies have examined longitudinal associations between age-related changes in cognition and physical performance. Further, whether these associations differ for men versus women or can be attributed to differences in physical activity (PA) is unknown. <br><br>METHODS: Participants were 2,876 initially well-functioning community-dwelling older adults (aged 70-79 years at baseline; 52% female; 39% black) studied over a 9-year period. Usual gait speed, self-reported PA, and two cognitive measures-Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and Mini-Modified Mental State examination (3MS)-were assessed years 0 (ie, baseline), 4, and 9. <br><br>RESULTS: Early decline between years 0 and 4 in gait speed predicted later decline between years 4 and 9 in performance on the 3MS (β = 0.10, p =.004) and on the DSST (β = 0.16, p <.001). In contrast, the associations between early decline in cognition and later decline in gait speed were weaker and were non-significant after correcting for multiple comparisons (β = 0.08, p =.019 for 3MS and β =.06, p =.051 for DSST). All associations were similar for women and men and were unaltered when accounting for PA levels. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate declining gait speed as a precursor to declining cognitive functioning, and suggest a weaker reciprocal process among older women and men.<br><br>© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1079-5006",
doi="10.1093/gerona/glw066",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw066"
}