@article{ref1,
title="Solo and multi-offenders who commit stranger kidnapping: an assessment of factors that correlate with violent events",
journal="Journal of interpersonal violence",
year="2018",
author="Cunningham, Shannon N. and Vandiver, Donna M.",
volume="33",
number="22",
pages="3459-3479",
abstract="Research has demonstrated that co-offending dyads and groups often use more violence than individual offenders. Despite the attention given to co-offending by the research community, kidnapping remains understudied. Stranger kidnappings are more likely than non-stranger kidnappings to involve the use of a weapon. Public fear of stranger kidnapping warrants further examination of this specific crime, including differences between those committed by solo and multi-offender groups. The current study uses National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data to assess differences in use of violence among 4,912 stranger kidnappings by solo offenders and multi-offender groups using cross-tabulations, ordinal regression, and logistic regression. The results indicate that violent factors are significantly more common in multi-offender incidents, and that multi-offender groups have fewer arrests than solo offenders. The implications of these findings are discussed.<br><br>© The Author(s) 2016.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0886-2605",
doi="10.1177/0886260516635320",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516635320"
}