@article{ref1,
title="Violence in G-rated animated films",
journal="JAMA journal of the American Medical Association",
year="2000",
author="Thompson, K. M. and Yokota, Fumie",
volume="283",
number="20",
pages="2716-2720",
abstract="CONTEXT: Children's exposure to violence in the media is a possible source of public health concern; however, violence in children's animated films has not been quantified. OBJECTIVE: To quantify and characterize violence in G-rated animated feature films. DESIGN: Violence content was reviewed for all 74 G-rated animated feature films released in theaters between 1937 and 1999, recorded in English, and available for review on videocassette in the United States before September 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Duration of violent scenes, type of characters participating in violent acts (good, neutral, or bad), number of injuries/fatalities, and types of weapons used for each film. RESULTS: All 74 films reviewed contained at least 1 act of violence (mean duration, 9.5 minutes per film; range, 6 seconds-24 minutes). Analysis of time trends showed a statistically significant increase in the duration of violence in the films with time (P=.001). The study found a total of 125 injuries (including 62 fatal injuries) in 46 (62%) of the films. Characters portrayed as "bad" were much more likely to die of an injury than other characters (odds ratio, 23.2; 95% confidence interval, 8.5-63.4). A majority of the violence (55%) was associated with good or neutral characters dueling with bad characters (ie, using violence as a means of reaching resolution of conflict), and characters used a wide range of weapons in violent acts. CONCLUSIONS: Our content analysis suggests that a significant amount of violence exists in animated G-rated feature films. Physicians and parents should not overlook videocassettes as a source of exposure to violence for children.",
language="",
issn="0098-7484",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}