@article{ref1,
title="Evidence of economic deprivation and female foeticide in a United Nations global births by gender data set",
journal="Early human development",
year="2015",
author="Grech, Victor",
volume="91",
number="12",
pages="855-858",
abstract="INTRODUCTION: The male-to-female ratio of live births is expressed as the ratio of male births divided by total births (M/F). Males are produced approximately 3% in excess. A large number of factors have been found to influence M/F. Stress and privation reduces M/F. Gender preference (which almost invariably favours males) with selective female foetal abortion increases M/F. This study was carried out in order to assess a United Nations data set for evidence of global trends in M/F in relation to broad socioeconomic conditions and male preference. <br><br>METHODS: Data (M/F and total births, 1955-2009) was obtained from the United Nations (UN) Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projection Section. The following regions were analysed: more developed countries, less developed countries and least developed countries (as defined by the UN General Assembly). <br><br>RESULTS: More developed countries: M/F was initially stable at 0.53 up to 1979 then fell to 0.525. Less developed countries: M/F was initially stable at 0.53 then rose after 1984 to 0.545 with a rise in male births and a fall in female births (estimated female birth deficit=48734993). Least developed countries: exhibited a stable M/F of 0.52 (all p<0.001). <br><br>DISCUSSION: This study has confirmed, on a global scale, that least developed countries have the lowest M/F. The rise in M/F in developed countries (which includes Asia) confirms widespread selective female foeticide due to cultural male preference. The declining trend in M/F in developed countries has been previously noted and remains unexplained.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0378-3782",
doi="10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.10.013",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.10.013"
}