@article{ref1,
title="Callous--unemotional traits and antisocial behavior: genetic, environmental, and early parenting characteristics",
journal="Criminal justice and behavior",
year="2008",
author="Larsson, Henrik and Viding, Essi and Plomin, Robert",
volume="35",
number="2",
pages="197-211",
abstract="This study compared early parenting characteristics in children with different levels of callous--unemotional (CU) traits and antisocial behavior (AB). Four groups were formed on the basis of teacher assessments: high CU and low AB (CU+; N = 378), high CU and high AB (AB/CU+; N = 234), low CU and high AB (AB+; N = 210), and controls (N = 3,608). In addition, genetic and environmental influences on elevated levels of CU traits were specifically investigated in CU+ and AB/CU+ subgroups. Multivariate analysis of variance and DeFries-Fulker extremes analysis yielded three main findings: First, AB/CU+ and AB+ children exhibited higher levels of early negative parenting characteristics than CU+ children and controls. Second, these higher levels of negative parenting characteristics in AB/CU+ and AB+ children were explained by early child effects on parenting. Third, heritability estimates for CU in AB/CU+ and CU+ groups are of similar magnitude. Keywords: Juvenile justice<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0093-8548",
doi="10.1177/0093854807310225",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854807310225"
}