@article{ref1,
title="Effects of a mask on breathing impairment during a fencing assault: a case series study",
journal="Asian journal of sports medicine",
year="2015",
author="Passali, Desiderio and Cambi, Jacopo and Salerni, Lorenzo and Stortini, Giancarlo and Bellussi, Luisa Maria and Passàli, Francesco Maria",
volume="6",
number="3",
pages="e23643-e23643",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Fencers often complain of progressive difficulty in breathing during matches, which is generally attributed to restricted air, light and heat circulation from wearing a mask. Physiologically, the nasal structure generates airflow resistance that can reach -50% of the total respiratory resistance. <br><br>OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the presence of nasal obstruction in fencers and the relationship with the use of mask. <br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational study on 40 fencers (18 males, 22 females) was conducted. Fencers perform a usual assault, wearing the mask and standardized physical exercises (running, sprints and obstacles) without the mask. ENT examination with a nasal flexible fiberscope, Anterior Active Rhinomanometry (AAR) and Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow (PNIF) measurement before and after physical activity with or without the mask was recorded. <br><br>RESULTS: Before physical exercise, the total nasal airway resistance mean value for AAR was 0.33 ± 0.17 Pa/cm(3)/s at 150 Pa. After a match with the mask, the mean value was 0.28 ± 0.16 Pa/cm(3)/s. After normal physical exercises without mask, the mean value was 0.24 ± 0.15 Pa/cm(3)/s. Using t tests, statistically significant difference between nasal resistance before and after physical activity (P < 0.05) was observed, but no significant difference in nasal resistance between the basal value and that taken after a match wearing the masks (P = 0.1265). PNIF values significantly increase with exercise (P < 0.05). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that wearing the mask causes increased breathing impairment in fencers, when compared with similar physical activity without the mask.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2008-000X",
doi="10.5812/asjsm.23643",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.23643"
}