@article{ref1,
title="Treatment options for the cardinal symptoms of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder",
journal="Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry",
year="2015",
author="Tourian, Leon and LeBoeuf, Amélie and Breton, Jean-Jacques and Cohen, David and Gignac, Martin and Labelle, Real and Guile, Jean-Marc and Renaud, Johanne",
volume="24",
number="1",
pages="41-54",
abstract="OBJECTIVE:  DSM-5 has added a new developmentally appropriate child and adolescent mood disorder subtype called disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD). The core features of DMDD are temper outbursts (manifested by either verbal rages and/or physical aggression) and unrelenting irritability or anger. Currently, the literature is lacking a thorough review of the possible treatment options for the cardinal symptoms constituting DMDD. The objective of this article is to provide a thorough review of peer-reviewed studies on the subject of pharmacological treatment options for children and adolescents with the cardinal symptoms of DMDD.  METHODS:  Relevant articles for this study were obtained through Pubmed, Medline, PsychINFO and PsychINDEXplus using the key words: &quot;adolescents,&quot; &quot;children,&quot; &quot;paediatric,&quot; &quot;youth,&quot; &quot;irritability,&quot; &quot;temper outbursts,&quot; &quot;aggression,&quot; &quot;rage,&quot; &quot;disruptive behaviour,&quot; &quot;treatment,&quot; &quot;dysphoria,&quot; &quot;autism,&quot; &quot;mental retardation/intellectual disability,&quot; &quot;impulsivity,&quot; &quot;ADHD,&quot; &quot;oppositional defiant disorder,&quot; and &quot;conduct disorder.&quot; A total of 823 studies were generated; only English studies focusing on pharmacological treatment were retained.  RESULTS:  Currently there are no established guidelines or thorough reviews summarizing the treatment of DMDD. Pharmacotherapeutic treatment options of both aggression and chronic irritability include: antidepressants/selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, mood stabilizers, psychostimulants, antipsychotics, and alpha-2 agonists.  CONCLUSION:  Treatment options of severe, persistent irritability in youth are numerous, and a consensual treatment algorithm has not yet emerged from the literature. Further studies and clinical trials are warranted to determine efficacious and safe treatment modalities.  KEYWORDS:  aggression; bipolar disorder; depression; disruptive mood dysregulation; irritability; mood stabilizers<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1719-8429",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}