@article{ref1,
title="Psychomotor impairment detection via finger interactions with a computer keyboard during natural typing",
journal="Scientific reports",
year="2015",
author="Giancardo, L. and Sánchez-Ferro, A. and Butterworth, I. and Mendoza, C. S. and Hooker, J. M.",
volume="5",
number="",
pages="e9678-e9678",
abstract="Modern digital devices and appliances are capable of monitoring the timing of button presses, or finger interactions in general, with a sub-millisecond accuracy. However, the massive amount of high resolution temporal information that these devices could collect is currently being discarded. Multiple studies have shown that the act of pressing a button triggers well defined brain areas which are known to be affected by motor-compromised conditions. In this study, we demonstrate that the daily interaction with a computer keyboard can be employed as means to observe and potentially quantify psychomotor impairment. We induced a psychomotor impairment via a sleep inertia paradigm in 14 healthy subjects, which is detected by our classifier with an Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) of 0.93/0.91. The detection relies on novel features derived from key-hold times acquired on standard computer keyboards during an uncontrolled typing task. These features correlate with the progression to psychomotor impairment (p < 0.001) regardless of the content and language of the text typed, and perform consistently with different keyboards. The ability to acquire longitudinal measurements of subtle motor changes from a digital device without altering its functionality may allow for early screening and follow-up of motor-compromised neurodegenerative conditions, psychological disorders or intoxication at a negligible cost in the general population.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2045-2322",
doi="10.1038/srep09678",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep09678"
}