@article{ref1,
title="A Quadrangular Shell Finite Element for Concrete and Steel Structures Subjected to Fire",
journal="Journal of fire protection engineering",
year="2005",
author="Talamona, D. and Franssen, Jean-Marc",
volume="15",
number="4",
pages="237-264",
abstract="SAFIR is finite element software for the thermal and mechanical analysis of structures exposed to fire. For mechanical analysis, a library of different elements is available in SAFIR: truss, beam, etc. In order to increase SAFIR's capabilities, a quadrangular shell element has been implemented. This element is not subject to 'locking' (or over-stiffness) in the case of 'membrane bending'. Different material models can be used. These are plasticity models based on the von Mises surface (for isotropic materials), plus a Rankine tension cut off for concrete. The parameters of the models as well as the hardening laws have been chosen in such a way as to fit the recommendations of Eurocode 2 and 3 for uniaxial stress-strain curves of concrete and steel under fire condition. Some verification and validation examples at room and at elevated temperatures are presented.<p />",
language="",
issn="1042-3915",
doi="10.1177/1042391505052769",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042391505052769"
}