@article{ref1,
title="Negative predictive value of excluding an embedded snake foreign body by ultrasonography",
journal="Wilderness and environmental medicine",
year="2015",
author="Rushton, William F. and Vakkalanka, J. Priyanka and Moak, James H. and Charlton, Nathan P.",
volume="26",
number="2",
pages="227-231",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Numerous reputable sources for healthcare providers advocate routine imaging to rule out an embedded tooth or fang after a snake bite. The objective of this study was to determine whether these foreign bodies can be reliably excluded by bedside ultrasonography. <br><br>METHODS: All emergency medicine (EM) residents and faculty at a single institution were invited to participate. Two sets of 5 ultrasound gel phantoms were prepared using a method previously validated to have the same density as human tissue. In the first set of 5 phantoms, 1 snake fang was embedded to simulate a retained foreign body. Similarly, in the second set of 5 phantoms, 1 snake tooth was also embedded. Participants were asked to identify the presence or absence of a foreign body in each phantom using bedside ultrasonography. Year of training and confidence in excluding a snake foreign body were also recorded. <br><br>RESULTS: Each participant (n = 27) performed ultrasound imaging on 10 phantoms for a total of 270 samples. Range of experience included postgraduate year 1 (25.9%), postgraduate year 2 (29.6%), postgraduate year 3 (33.3%), and graduates of EM residency (11.1%). The sensitivity and negative predictive value for ruling out an embedded fang was 92.6% and 98.1%, respectively. The sensitivity and negative predictive value for ruling out an embedded tooth was 77.8% and 93.7%, respectively. Among all the phantoms, there was a sensitivity of 85.2% and a negative predictive value of 96%. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Bedside ultrasonography performed by an EM physician is a feasible option to rule out embedded foreign bodies after a snake bite if imaging is warranted.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1080-6032",
doi="10.1016/j.wem.2014.12.015",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2014.12.015"
}