@article{ref1,
title="Distinguishing grief from depression during acute recovery from spinal cord injury",
journal="Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation",
year="2015",
author="Klyce, Daniel W. and Bombardier, Charles H. and Davis, Trevor J. R. and Hartoonian, Narineh and Hoffman, Jeanne M. and Fann, Jesse R. and Kalpakjian, Claire Z.",
volume="96",
number="8",
pages="1419-1425",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To examine whether grief is a psychometrically sound construct that is distinct from depression among individuals who have recently sustained a spinal cord injury (SCI). <br><br>DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Inpatient rehabilitation units at three geographically diverse, university-affiliated medical centers. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 206 patients with SCI were recruited-79.1% male (n=163). The majority of patients were non-Hispanic Whites (n=175, 85.0%). The majority of patients sustained a cervical SCI (n=134, 64.4%). A variety of injury etiologies were represented, with the majority being accounted for by falls (n=72, 31.5%) and vehicle-related injuries (n=69, 33.5%). The mean time since injury was 53.5 days (SD = 40.5). INTERVENTIONS: Not Applicable MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): An adapted version of the 12-item interview for Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) was used to assess symptoms of grief, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to measure depression. Demographic and injury-related data were also collected. <br><br>RESULTS: A principal components analysis (PCA; Direct Oblimin rotation) of the grief measure suggested a 2-component solution. The content of items loading on the separate components suggested two subscales: loss (6 items, α=.810) and trauma (6 items, α=.823). Follow-up PCAs including both the grief and depression measures suggested clear differentiation of grief-related loss from depression. The prevalence of clinically significant levels of grief was low (6%) and levels of depression were consistent with prior findings related to inpatient rehabilitation (23.5%). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The items used to assess grief symptoms among patients participating in inpatient rehabilitation for recently sustained SCI appear to capture a psychometrically reliable construct that is distinct from depression. Research is needed on the course and predictive validity of early grief symptoms.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0003-9993",
doi="10.1016/j.apmr.2015.02.018",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2015.02.018"
}