@article{ref1,
title="Topical cyclosporine a for treatment of dry eye due to chronic mustard gas injury",
journal="Journal of ophthalmic and vision research",
year="2014",
author="Jadidi, Khosrow and Panahi, Yunes and Ebrahimi, Ali and Mafi, Mostafa and Nejat, Farhad and Sahebkar, Amirhossein",
volume="9",
number="4",
pages="417-422",
abstract="PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of topical cyclosporine A (tCsA) for treatment of dry eye disease in patients suffering from chronic ocular complications of mustard gas (MG) injury. <br><br>METHODS: This interventional case series included patients with MG injury suffering from severe dry eye despite receiving artificial tears and punctal plugs. Patients were administered tCsA 0.05% twice daily for 3 months. Severity of the condition was evaluated by measuring tear osmolarity, ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear break-up time (TBUT), and Schirmer's test at baseline and at the end of study. <br><br>RESULTS: A total of 34 patients with chronic MG injury and mean age of 47.1 ± 6.5 years were studied. Compared to baseline values, tear osmolarity (301.7 ± 11.5 vs. 286.3 ± 7.9 mOsmol/L, P < 0.001) and OSDI (47.5 ± 7.2 vs. 42.7 ± 7.1, P < 0.001) were significantly improved. Likewise, Schirmer's test (4.6 ± 1.3 vs. 5 ± 1.3 mm, P < 0.001) and TBUT (1.9 ± 1.4 vs. 2.7 ± 1.5 s, P < 0.001) also significantly recovered at the end of the study. <br><br>CONCLUSION: TCsA 0.05% reduces tear osmolarity and improves dry eye symptoms and can serve as an efficacious treatment for ocular complications in patients with chronic MG injury.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2008-2010",
doi="10.4103/2008-322X.150803",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2008-322X.150803"
}